National Security and Defence (Canada-U.S. Relations)

Non-Proliferation, Arms Control, and Disarmament

katherine — Wed, 15 May 2024 19:55:04 +0000

Non-Proliferation, Arms Control, and Disarmament katherine Wed, 05/15/2024 - 16:55

Non-Proliferation, Arms Control, and Disarmament

This publication highlights Canada's efforts to engage in non-proliferation agreements, arms control, and disarmament efforts through primarily international agreements.
In 2002, Canada and the then G8 nations launched the Global Partnership Against the Spread of Weapons and Materials of Mass Destruction to prevent terrorists and those that harbor them from acquiring weapons and materials of mass destruction and their means of delivery.
Canada's contribution to this Global Partnership is called the Weapons Threat Reduction Programs, which was also developed in 2002 and has helped deliver more than $1.6 billion in projects to address threats of terrorism and the acquisition of weapons of mass destruction.

Citation

Canada. Canada and the world. Non-proliferation, arms control, and disarmament efforts. 2022. https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/issues_development-enjeux_developpement/peace_security-paix_securite/non_proliferation.aspx?lang=eng

Further Readings

For a recent statement by the G7 on the Global Partnership Against the Spread of Weapons and Materials of Mass Destruction on Ukraine: http://www.g7.utoronto.ca/summit/2022elmau/220329-global-partnership.html

For a WHO Article on the Global Partnership (2021): https://extranet.who.int/sph/news/global-partnership-against-spread-weapons-and-materials-mass-destruction

Overlapping Topics

Military, Defence, and Peacekeeping

Policy Sub-Topic

National Security and Defence (Canada-U.S. Relations)

Policy Type

Info Note

Canada-US Horizontal Law Enforcement Initiatives

katherine — Wed, 15 May 2024 19:52:05 +0000

Canada-US Horizontal Law Enforcement Initiatives katherine Wed, 05/15/2024 - 16:52

Canada-US Horizontal Law Enforcement Initiatives

The Integrated Border Enforcement Team (IBET) program is a multi-faceted law enforcement initiative comprised of American and Canadian partners spanning along 15 regions of the shared border.
IBET is an example of bi-national collaborative efforts between the Canadian and United States governments' core agencies, which include the United States Customs and Border Protection, the US Coast Guard, Immigration and Customs Enforcement, the Canada Border Services Agency, and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police.
This program has allows the aforementioned law enforcement agencies to share information and collaborate on local/state/provincial issues that relate to smuggling, trafficking, organized crime, unguarded roads, and other criminal activity occurring along the shared Canada-US border and between ports of entry.
Following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attack on the United States, the Canadian and American governments created IBET in 2002 to combat future and ongoing criminal activities/threats.

Citation

Canada. Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat. Horizontal Initiatives. Accessed on May 18, 2022. https://www.tbs-sct.canada.ca/dpr-rmr/2006-2007/inst/rcm/rcm10-eng.asp

Further Readings

For more information on the IBET initiative from the US Department of Justice: https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/ibeting-secure-border-0

For information regarding an operating IBET detachment visit: https://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/detach/en/d/50

Overlapping Topics

Military, Defence, and Peacekeeping

Policy Sub-Topic

National Security and Defence (Canada-U.S. Relations)

Policy Type

Info Note

The Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS)

katherine — Wed, 15 May 2024 19:50:12 +0000

The Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) katherine Wed, 05/15/2024 - 16:50

The Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS)

The Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) was yet another program advised upon by the Permanent Joint Board on Defence (PJBD) and its main function as an aircraft is to provide surveillance through monitoring, detecting, and tracking other aircraft, missiles, or ground targets.
AWACS is also used to perform command and control of the battlespace in the air by organizing fighter and attack aircraft strikes.
The most common Airborne Early Warning aircraft is the Boeing E-3 Sentry, and NATO has used E-3's in various military operations.
The first E-3's were delivered to the U.S. Air Force in the 1970s and in the 1980s, NATO procured a fleet of 18 E-3's which gave rise to the official NATO Airborne Warning & Control System program.
The AWACS is known as NATO's 'eyes in the sky' and this page discusses the features of the program, the role and capabilities, operational contributions, structure, history, transformation/evolution, and its future.

Citation

"AWACS: NATO's 'eyes in the sky'." North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Last modified March 3, 2022. https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_48904.htm#:~:text=The%20NATO%20E%2D3A%20(or,air%20in%20near%20real%20time.

Further Readings

For more information on the E-3 Sentry (AWACS): https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/104504/e-3-sentry-awacs/

For NATO's Support and Procurement Agency's involvement in the AWACS: https://www.nspa.nato.int/about/life-cycle-management/awacs

For U.S. Congressional Research on Possible E-3 AWACS Replacements: https://sgp.fas.org/crs/weapons/IF12045.pdf

Overlapping Topics

Military, Defence, and Peacekeeping

Policy Sub-Topic

National Security and Defence (Canada-U.S. Relations)

Policy Type

Info Note

Global Pledge on Media Freedom

katherine — Wed, 15 May 2024 19:47:30 +0000

Global Pledge on Media Freedom katherine Wed, 05/15/2024 - 16:47

Global Pledge on Media Freedom

The Media Freedom Coalition is a cross-regional coalition made up of 52 member states (who have all signed the Media Freedom Pledge at the first conference in 2019) with Canada and the United States being two of them.
The purpose of this coalition is to advocate for media freedom at home and abroad by advocating for journalist and media worker safety and hold people accountable to risk or infringements upon their safety.
The first Media Freedom Coalition Conference was held in 2019 by the United Kingdom and Canada in London, England to respond to the ongoing challenges faced by journalist and media workers around the world.

Citation

"Global Pledge on Media Freedom." Global Conference for Media Freedom. Media Freedom Coalition (MFC), July 10, 2019. https://mediafreedomcoalition.org/about/objectives/global-pledge/media-freedom

Further Readings

For more information on the Media Freedom Coalition visit: https://mediafreedomcoalition.org/

For details on the first-ever Global Conference for Media Freedom in 2019: https://www.gov.uk/government/topical-events/global-conference-for-media-freedom-london-2019

For Canada's Statement one-year after the inaugural Global Conference for Media Freedom: https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/issues_development-enjeux_developpement/human_rights-droits_homme/2021-07-09a-media_freedom-liberte_medias.aspx?lang=eng

For the Media Freedom Coalition's Statement on World Freedom Press Day (2022): https://www.international.gc.ca/news-nouvelles/2022/2022-05-03-statement-mfc-clm-declaration.aspx?lang=eng

For Canada's statement after participating in the Third Global Conference for Media Freedom: https://www.canada.ca/en/global-affairs/news/2022/02/minister-joly-participates-in-third-global-conference-for-media-freedom.html

For the United States' Statement on behalf of the Coalition on Media Freedom in Russia (2021): https://www.state.gov/joint-statement-on-media-freedom-coalition-on-media-freedom-in-russia/

For the United States' Statement on behalf of the Coalition on Media Outlets in Hong Kong (2022): https://www.state.gov/media-freedom-coalition-statement-on-closure-of-media-outlets-in-hong-kong/

Overlapping Topics

Justice

Policy Sub-Topic

National Security and Defence (Canada-U.S. Relations)

Policy Type

International Leaders Forum

Operation NEON

katherine — Wed, 15 May 2024 19:46:06 +0000

Operation NEON katherine Wed, 05/15/2024 - 16:46

Operation NEON

Operation NEON is Canada's contribution to a multinational effort that helps/supports the United Nations Security Council's sanctions imposed on North Korea.
The Canadian Armed Forces' ships and aircrafts work with the US military to support these sanctions against North Korea.
Op. NEON began in 2019 building upon previous sanction enforcement operations conducted in 2018, and in 2021, Canada renewed its contribution to this initiative until 2023.

Citation

Canada. National Security and Defence. Operation NEON. 2022. https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/current-operations/operation-neon.html

Further Readings

For the 2021 renewal of Operation NEON: https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/news/2021/04/canada-renews-its-military-contribution-to-multinational-initiative-to-counter-north-koreas-maritime-sanctions-evasion.html

Overlapping Topics

Military, Defence, and Peacekeeping

Policy Sub-Topic

National Security and Defence (Canada-U.S. Relations)

Policy Type

Military Operation Record

Operation REASSURANCE

katherine — Wed, 15 May 2024 19:44:46 +0000

Operation REASSURANCE katherine Wed, 05/15/2024 - 16:44

Operation REASSURANCE

The Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) are active through Eastern and Central Europe as it helps lead North Atlantic Treaty Organization's (NATO) multinational battle group in Latvia.
Canada began assisting NATO in this operation in 2014 and remained active in Poland helping Ukrainian refugees flee violence.
This operation in Central and Eastern Europe is known as Operation REASSURANCE and it reinforces NATO's collective defence efforts along with Allied solidarity.
This resource outlines the number of CAF members deployed, their mission objectives, and the history/contact of the operation.

Citation

Canada. National Security and Defence. Operation REASSURANCE. 2022. https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/current-operations/operation-reassurance.html

Further Readings

For the news release in 2015 when Canadian soldiers departed for Operation REASSURANCE in Eastern & Central Europe: https://www.canada.ca/en/news/archive/2015/03/canadian-soldiers-depart-operation-reassurance-eastern-central-europe-942379.html

For more information on Canada's involvement in NATO's Eastern Flank: https://www.cgai.ca/canada_s_military_operations_on_nato_s_eastern_flank_why_they_matter

Overlapping Topics

Military, Defence, and Peacekeeping

Policy Sub-Topic

National Security and Defence (Canada-U.S. Relations)

Policy Type

Military Operation Record

The NORAD Agreement

katherine — Wed, 15 May 2024 19:43:37 +0000

The NORAD Agreement katherine Wed, 05/15/2024 - 16:43

The NORAD Agreement

Canada and the United States agreed to create the "North American Air Defense Command" (NORAD) headquarters in Colorado Springs in September 1957 as a means of centralizing control of continental air defenses against Soviet bomber threats.
This archived agreement was made on May 12, 1958, between Canada and the US (Prime Minister John Diefenbaker and President Dwight Eisenhower) at the Canadian Embassy in Washington D.C..

Citation

Canada. National Defence. March 2020-North American Aerospace Defence Command (NORAD). 2021. https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/corporate/reports-publications/transition-materials/caf-operations-activities/2020/03/caf-ops-activities/norad.html

Overlapping Topics

Military, Defence, and Peacekeeping

Policy Sub-Topic

National Security and Defence (Canada-U.S. Relations)

Policy Type

Info Note

NORAD Modernization

katherine — Wed, 15 May 2024 19:42:09 +0000

NORAD Modernization katherine Wed, 05/15/2024 - 16:42

NORAD Modernization

In August 2021, the Minister of National Defence of Canada and the Secretary of Defense of the United States approved a joint statement to help guide Canada and the United States in the enhancement process of NORAD to help continue executing the original mission/goals while also evolving to face new and emerging threats.

Citation

Canada. National Defence. Joint Statement on NORAD Modernization. [Ottawa, Ontario], 2021. https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/news/2021/08/joint-statement-on-norad-modernization.html

Further Readings

For the U.S. Department of Defense Report on the NORAD Modernization discussions following the 239th meeting of the U.S.-Canada Permanent Joint Board on Defense (PJBD): https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/2671975/us-canada-permanent-joint-board-on-defense-discusses-defense-priorities-norad-m/

For a North American and Arctic Defence and Security Network Policy Brief on the PJBD and its modern purpose: https://www.naadsn.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Nicholas-Glesby-NAADSN-PJBD-Policy-Brief-August-2021.pdf

Overlapping Topics

Military, Defence, and Peacekeeping

Policy Sub-Topic

National Security and Defence (Canada-U.S. Relations)

Policy Type

Joint Statement

NEXUS

katherine — Wed, 15 May 2024 19:40:46 +0000

NEXUS katherine Wed, 05/15/2024 - 16:40

NEXUS

NEXUS is a joint trusted traveler and expedited border control program by Canada's Border Services Agency and the US Customs and Border Protection Agency and is designed for pre-approved and low-risk travelers.
This program has over 1.8 million members and encourages secure and lawful travelling between the countries and allows members to avoid long line-ups at the airport and a simpler entry process through land border crossing.

Citation

Canada. Border Services Agency. NEXUS. 2021. https://www.cbsa-asfc.gc.ca/prog/nexus/menu-eng.html

Further Readings

For the U.S. Customs and Border Protection page on Nexus: https://www.cbp.gov/travel/trusted-traveler-programs/nexus

For the NEXUS Card Website: https://nexus-card.ca/

Overlapping Topics

Military, Defence, and Peacekeeping

Policy Sub-Topic

National Security and Defence (Canada-U.S. Relations)

Policy Type

Program

Operation IMPACT

katherine — Wed, 15 May 2024 19:39:29 +0000

Operation IMPACT katherine Wed, 05/15/2024 - 16:39

Operation IMPACT

Operation Inherent Resolve is the name given by the US military for the international intervention against ISIL (Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant), which includes campaigns in Iraq and Syria and a closely-related campaign in Libya.
Canada contributes to these efforts through Operation IMPACT, which is the Canadian whole-of-government approach to the Middle East.
The Canadian Armed Forces have worked alongside the NATO allies for years in their efforts in the Middle East.
This resource provides a background of their efforts, the specific military operations, and the history/contact of the operation.

Citation

Canada. National Security and Defence Canada. Operation IMPACT. 2021. https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/current-operations/operation-impact.html

Further Readings

For more information on Operation Inherent Resolve and Canada's Operation Impact: https://www.inherentresolve.mil/About-CJTF-OIR/Coalition/Coalition-Display/Article/690716/canada/

Overlapping Topics

Military, Defence, and Peacekeeping

Policy Sub-Topic

National Security and Defence (Canada-U.S. Relations)

Policy Type

Military Operation Record