Prime Minister–President Relations (1930s–Present Day) | The Brian Mulroney Institute of Government

William Lyon Mackenzie King (1935-1948) and Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933-1945)

First Official Presidential visit to the Dominion of Canada (1936):
- https://karsh.org/photographs/franklin-roosevelt-mackenzie-king-lord-tweedsmuir/
PM King's vision for Canada, prior to and during WW2 (Can-US trade agreement, as a supporter of the Allies, as a middle-man for Britain-US, contributions to the war effort, etc):
- https://opentextbooks.uregina.ca/primeministers2020/chapter/mackenzie-king/
Permanent Joint Board on Defence/Ogdensburg Agreement/Hyde Park Declaration:
- https://www.cbc.ca/history/EPISCONTENTSE1EP14CH2PA1LE.html
- https://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/document.php?id=cqresrre1941050600
The Thousand Island Bridge:
- https://archive.macleans.ca/article/1938/10/15/five-in-one-bridge
Photos at the Quebec Conference with Churchill, King and Roosevelt:
- https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-world-war-ii-from-left-canadian-prime-minister-wl-mackenzie-king-us-35111696.html
- https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-world-war-ii-from-left-us-president-franklin-delano-roosevelt-canadian-35111688.html
Franklin D. Roosevelt makes the first visit to Canada's capital city (Ottawa) by a sitting President of the United States following the successful conclusion of the Quebec Conference:
- https://www.bridgemanimages.com/en/noartistknown/canadian-prime-minister-mackenzie-king-introduces-president-roosevelt-to-the-members-of-the-canadian/black-and-white-photograph/asset/2926775
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vCTDnVqPzaM

William Lyon Mackenzie King (1935-1948)and Harry S. Truman (1945-1953)

October 1946 - President Truman meets with PM King at the White House in Washington, D.C.:
- https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/photograph-records/64-140
Canadian Prime Minister, Mackenzie King's Perspective on Harry S. Truman's First Term as President:
- https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203796504-15/king-last-president-canadian-prime-minister-perspective-harry-truman-first-term-hector-mackenzie
President Truman's Letter to PM King regarding Canada's involvement in the Korean Commission in establishing a democratic government in Korea prior to the Korean War (1948):
- https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1948v06/d707
For a Memorandum by the U.S. Acting Secretary of State to President Truman on Joint Defence Measures in Canada (1946):
- https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1946v05/d35
Photo of President Truman and PM King in Ottawa, Ontario in 1947:
- https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/photograph-records/97-2213
For President Truman's address before the Canadian Parliament in Ottawa on his first visit to Canada as President in June, 1947 where he discussed vital policies made during WWII that brought Canada and the US closer, and how the two nations will work together to rebuild after the war:
- https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/library/public-papers/111/address-canadian-parliament-ottawa
Photo of President Truman, PM Clement Attlee (Britain), and PM King meeting in 1945 to discuss the atomic bomb:
- https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/photograph-records/64-85

Louis St Laurent (1948-1957) and Harry S. Truman (1945-1953)

Photo of President Truman Greeting Canadian PM Louis St. Laurent at the Blair House in February 1949:
- https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/photograph-records/99-1035
Video Clip of PM Laurent arriving in Washington D.C. and meeting with Presdient Truman at the Canadian Embassy:
- https://www.dvarchive.com/700-1161-1949-canadas-prime-minister-st-laurent-arrives-in-washington-dc-and-meets-with-president-truman-at-the-canadian.html
Policy Options Article on Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent from the President Truman to President Eisenhower years:
- https://policyoptions.irpp.org/magazines/the-best-pms-in-the-past-50-years/uncle-louis-and-a-golden-age-for-canada-a-time-of-prosperity-at-home-and-influence-abroad/
For the preliminary discussions on the St. Lawrence Seaway between PM Laurent and President Truman:
- https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1952-54v06p2/d951
- https://www.nytimes.com/1951/09/28/archives/st-laurent-in-us-for-seaway-talk-independent-action-by-canada.html
The U.S. Entering the Korean War:
- https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/korean-conflict#background
Canada in the Korean War:
Canada and the U.S. in the Korean War:
- https://ruor.uottawa.ca/handle/10393/28694
- https://utorontopress.com/9780802096159/warming-up-to-the-cold-war/

Louis St Laurent (1948-1957)Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953-1961)

1954 Building of the St. Lawrence Seaway:
- https://www.jstor.org/stable/42880322
- https://www.jstor.org/stable/23266021
President Eisenhower signs the St. Lawrence Seaway Act:
- https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-president-eisenhower-at-signs-the-saint-lawrence-seaway-act-of-1954-87527297.html
- https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1952-54v06p2/d991
The first formal meeting with the North American Leaders (Eisenhower, Laurent, and Mexican President Adolfo Ruiz Cortines, where the leaders discussed democracy when the Cold War was heating up):
- https://outlet.historicimages.com/products/nee94118
For the correspondence between President Eisenhower & PM Laurent following the meeting:
- https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/exchange-messages-between-the-president-and-the-prime-minister-canada-following-meeting
MacDonald Laurier Publication on Louis St. Laurent as Prime Minister (his policies with and independent of the U.S. talking about the Canadian Economy after WW2, NATO, St. Lawrence Seaway, Korean War, Suez Crisis):
- https://macdonaldlaurier.ca/mli-files/pdf/202103_MARCH_Inside_Policy_FWeb.pdf
- https://policyoptions.irpp.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/assets/po/the-best-pms-in-the-past-50-years/morton.pdf
Canada and NATO (the birth of NATO, Canadian troops deployed in Western Europe under the integrated military force of the American General Dwight D. Eisenhower, etc):
- https://natoassociation.ca/the-history-of-canadas-involvement-in-the-creation-of-nato/
Dwight E. Eisenhower's Address to a joint session of Parliament in Ottawa in 1953 where he famously says "it is still a fact that our common frontier grows stronger every year, defended only by friendship.":
- https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/address-before-joint-session-the-parliament-canada
- https://www.nytimes.com/1953/11/15/archives/text-of-eisenhower-speech-in-canadian-parliament.html
Ongoing Korean War - Joint Statement following discussion with Prime Minister Laurent and President Eisenhower:
- https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/joint-statement-following-discussions-with-prime-minister-st-laurent-canada
The Suez Crisis and the politics between Canada, the Middle East, the UK and the US:

John Diefenbaker (1957-1963) and Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953-1961)

International Journal Publication titled Dealing with Diefenbaker: Canada-US relations in 1958, which discusses the nationalist approach adopted by Diefenbaker (some refer to it as anti-Americanism):
- https://www.jstor.org/stable/23104410https://www.jstor.org/stable/23104410
July 1958 article from the New York Times on texts of Diefenbaker and Eisenhower Speeches in Canadian Parliament and the Canada-US conference to discuss economic problems between the nations:
- https://www.nytimes.com/1958/07/10/archives/texts-of-diefenbaker-and-eisenhower-speeches-in-the-canadian.html
- https://www.nytimes.com/1958/07/03/archives/eisenhower-eyes-ties-with-canada-says-talk-with-diefenbaker-will.html
President Eisenhower's Address to the Canadian Parliament July 1958:
- https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/address-the-members-the-canadian-houses-parliament
President Eisenhower's Toast at a state dinner in June 1960 at the White House discussing the Canada-US relationship where PM Diefenbaker responds with another toast to the President:
- https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/toasts-the-president-and-prime-minister-diefenbakcr-canada
The official opening of the St. Lawrence Seaway with President Dwight Eisenhower, Mrs. Eisenhower, Prime Minister Diefenbaker, Mrs. Diefenbaker, The Queen of England and Prince Philip in June 1959:
Establishing NORAD Eisenhower & Diefenbaker:
Prime Minister Diefenbaker and President Eisenhower signing the Columbia River Treaty January 17, 1961:
- https://ww2db.com/image.php?image_id=16725
- https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-the-signing-the-columbia-river-basin-treaty-with-canada
Records of PM/President talks, meetings, etc between Prime Minister Diefenbaker and Dwight E. Eisenhower & John F. Kennedy:
- https://www.international.gc.ca/history-histoire/dcer-drrec/volumes/28/chap_3_united_states.aspx?lang=eng

John Diefenbaker (1957-1963) and John F. Kennedy (1961-1963)

President John F. Kennedy meets Prime Minister John G. Diefenbaker in the Oval Office in Washington in February 20, 1961:
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ro0kXnnPDeI
John F. Kennedy's Address to the Canadian Parliament May 17, 1961:
- https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/USG/USG-01-Y/USG-01-Y
News articles on the turbulent relationship between John F. Kennedy and John Diefenbaker:
Open Text BC Article - section about John Diefenbaker and World Affairs describes the poor relations between JFK and Diefenbaker (the two leaders quoted calling eachother names):
- https://opentextbc.ca/postconfederation2e/chapter/9-6-dief-is-the-chief/
President JFK and his wife's visit to Ottawa with PM Diefenbaker in May 1961:
- https://recherche-collection-search.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/home/record?app=fonandcol&IdNumber=3223704&new=-8585897985207193047&wbdisable=true
JFK and Diefenbaker - Telephone Conversation regarding the opening of a new Mutual Defense Communication System July 22, 1961:
- https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/JFKWHA/1961/JFKWHA-044-005/JFKWHA-044-005
The Bomarc Controversy (Diefenbaker's decision to accept American Bomarc missiles on Canadian soil, sparking controversy around the country, which resulted in the Diefenbaker government retracting the decision and this nuclear controversy ultimately ended Diefenbaker's time as PM):
- https://valourcanada.ca/military-history-library/the-bomarc-missile-controversy/
- https://parli.ca/bomarc-missile-crisis/
JFK and Diefenbaker/Canada and the U.S. during the Cuban Missile Crisis:

Lester B. Pearson (1963-1968) and Lyndon B. Johnson (1963-1969)

President Johnson and PM Pearson signing the Columbia River Treaty 1964:
Pearson and Johnson and the Vietnam War:
Pearson's Speech April 2, 1965 at Temple University on Canada's position as peacekeeping support to the US in Vietnam (this position was highly criticized by Johnson and the US as a whole):
Unofficial Account by Charles Ritchie, Canadian ambassador to Washington, regarding Pearson's visit to President Lyndon Johnson's Camp David retreat the day after Pearson's speech at Temple University where the two reportedly had a confrontation:
- https://archive.macleans.ca/article/1974/1/1/the-day-the-president-of-the-united-states-struck-fear-and-trembling-into-the-heart-of-our-pm
Pearson's Government accepting the Bomarc missile armed with nuclear weapons, following Diefenbaker's withdrawal:
- https://www.lermuseum.org/1946-to-present/1957-1964/bomarc-missile-and-the-nuclear-weapons-controversy-1958-1963
- https://legionmagazine.com/en/2019/09/bomarc-missiles-come-to-canada/
Pearson & the postwar Canada-US relationship:
- https://policyoptions.irpp.org/fr/magazines/canadian-universities/tolerant-allies-canada-and-the-united-states-1963-1968-book-excerpt/
PM Lester B. Pearson and President Lyndon B. Johnson and the Auto Pact:
Pearson and Johnson Commit to tighten Canada-U.S. Ties (1964):
- https://www.nytimes.com/1964/01/22/archives/pearson-and-johnson-confer-to-tighten-uscanada-ties-prime-minister.html

Pierre Trudeau (1968-1979) and Richard Nixon (1969-1974)

PM Pierre Trudeau's Speech to the Washington Press Club in March 1969 where he famously said living next to the United States "is in some ways like sleeping with an elephant.":
- https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/1797537698
- https://www.nytimes.com/1969/03/26/archives/excerpts-from-transcript-of-trudeau-news-conference.html
Richard Nixon's Address to the Canadian Parliament April 14, 1972 where he says "It is time for us to recognize that we have separate identities; that we have significant differences; and that nobody's interests are furthered when these realities are obscured." and where he corrects a prior speech where he called Japan the United States' largest trading partner:
- https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/address-joint-meeting-the-canadian-parliament
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8PZlfZnZz0U
News Release of 1971 Recordings of President Nixon revealing conversations between the PM and President during the Watergate scandal, Nixon name-calling Trudeau to his treasury secretary and chief of staff, and Trudeau's response where he says "I've been called worse things by better people.":
- https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/just-released-1971-recording-captures-talks-between-nixon-pompous-trudeau-1.755465
- https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/your-call-i-will-always-remember-nixon-tells-trudeau-in-watergate-chat-1.1421188
Trade Policy Disputes between President Nixon and PM Trudeau (particularly Nixon's New Economic Program (NEP)):
PM Trudeau and President Nixon sign the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement:

Pierre Trudeau (1968-1979) and Gerald Ford (1974-1977)

President Gerald Ford meets Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau in Washington, D.C., December 4, 1974:
On page 219 of Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau's memoirs where he says "Of all the American presidents I had occasion to deal with, what set Ford apart was that he did nothing I can remember that rubbed Canada the wrong way. It was Gerald Ford, in fact, who was responsible for one of the greatest achievements of Canadian foreign policy." This foreign policy achievement was being admitted to the G7:
- https://books.google.ca/books?id=zqsJbzlwtwsC&pg=PA219&lpg=PA219&dq=of+all+the+american+presidents+i+had+occaison+to+deal+with,+what+set+ford+apart+was+that+he+did+nothing+I+can+remember+that+rubbed+Canada+the+wrong+way.+It+was+Gerald+Ford,+in+fact,+who+was+responsible+for+one+of+the+greatest+achievements+of+Canadian+foreign+policy&source=bl&ots=9vbvMbjHhk&sig=ACfU3U0gGjDLjEDznoeXh0R7cgCu6wZ2xQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjuyfy4pb_4AhXWE80KHbvDCsgQ6AF6BAgCEAM#v=onepage&q=of%20all%20the%20american%20presidents%20i%20had%20occaison%20to%20deal%20with%2C%20what%20set%20ford%20apart%20was%20that%20he%20did%20nothing%20I%20can%20remember%20that%20rubbed%20Canada%20the%20wrong%20way.%20It%20was%20Gerald%20Ford%2C%20in%20fact%2C%20who%20was%20responsible%20for%20one%20of%20the%20greatest%20achievements%20of%20Canadian%20foreign%20policy&f=false
President Ford's role in admitting Canada into the Group of Seven leading industrialized nations in 1976:
- https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/president-ford-got-canada-into-g7-1.628291
- https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/g8-the-most-exclusive-club-in-the-world-feature

Pierre Trudeau (1968-1979) and Jimmy Carter (1977-1981)

President Jimmy Carter's Stance on Quebec Separatism in February 1977:
- https://www.nytimes.com/1977/02/22/archives/carter-discusses-future-of-quebec-he-meets-trudeau.html
Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau's visit to the White House, welcomed by President Jimmy Carter in February 1977:
Remarks of the President and Prime Minister at the Welcoming Ceremony at the PM's visit to the White House in February 1977:
- https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/visit-prime-minister-pierre-elliott-trudeau-canada-remarks-the-president-and-the-prime
Results of the February 1977 Meeting in Washington:
- https://archive.macleans.ca/article/1977/3/7/trudeaus-triumph-at-home-and-abroad
PM Pierre Trudeau addressing a joint session of Congress regarding constitutional revisions to counter the Quebec Independence Movement:
- https://www.nytimes.com/1977/02/23/archives/trudeau-says-canada-may-amend-charter-tells-congress-step-would-be.html
President Carter and Prime Minister Trudeau on approving the Alaska Highway Gas Pipeline:
A deeper look into the Canada-U.S. Relationship in the late 1970s:
- https://www.jstor.org/stable/45314370
Former President Jimmy Carter leading the American delegation at Pierre Trudeau's funeral in Montreal in 2000:

Joe Clark (1979-1980) and Jimmy Carter (1977-1981)

President Jimmy Carter and Prime Minister Joe Clark never officially met while the two were in office, as President Carter had to cancel his visit to Ottawa due to the Iranian Hostage Crisis:
- https://archive.macleans.ca/article/1979/11/19/hello-joe-this-is-jimmy
President Carter phoning Canadian PM Joe Clark to thank Canada for their "tremendous exhibition of friendship and support" to help the six American diplomats safely escape Iran (1980):
- https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1980/02/01/carter-phones-canadian-leader-to-say-thanks/e4c1f7d1-481e-462a-a73d-5764bd61fa0f/
- https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/return-six-americans-from-iran-remarks-telephone-with-prime-minister-ice-clark-canada
Prime Minister Clark phoning President Carter to congratulate him on the successful conclusion of the Iranian hostage affair and wishing him well (1981):
- https://www.upi.com/Archives/1981/01/19/Conservative-Leader-Joe-Clark-telephoned-his-congratulations-to-President/7191348728400/

Pierre Trudeau (1980-1984) and Ronald Reagan (1981-1989)

This is an array of documents exploring the challenging transition in the ascent of the Reagan (conservative) presidency while Pierre Trudeau (liberal) was PM:
- https://declassified.library.utoronto.ca/exhibits/show/an-unexpected-and-challenging-/summary
President Ronald Reagan's Address to the Canadian Parliament March 11, 1981 and the first visit by an American President since 1972:
President Reagan's visit to Ottawa in March 1981, met with Acid Rain demonstrators & protesters against Reagan's involvement in El Salvador:
President Reagan's visit in 1981 to Ottawa to meet Prime Minister Trudeau to discuss major policy issues (i.e. Canada limiting US investment into Canada especially in the oil industry, fishery management, acid rain, great lake pollution, auto pact, etc):
President Ronald Reagan's Diary after meeting PM Pierre Trudeau where he says he "went to Parliament hill to meet P.M. Trudeau. Discovered I liked him.":
- https://www.reaganfoundation.org/ronald-reagan/white-house-diaries/diary-entry-03101981/
Prime Minister Trudeau's response to President Reagan's administration scraping fish stock protection treaty signed in 1979:
- https://www.nytimes.com/1981/03/13/world/with-treaty-dropped-trudeau-asks-reagan-to-act-on-fish-stocks.html
Photo of President Reagan and PM Trudeau in a State Box in Ottawa 1981:
- https://biblio.uottawa.ca/omeka2/linking-cultures/items/show/115
PM Trudeau & President Reagan's meeting prior to the 1983 Economic Summit in Williamsburg (to discuss world economic recovery & disarmament efforts):
- https://www.upi.com/Archives/1983/04/28/Prime-Minister-Pierre-Trudeau-met-US-President-Ronald-Reagan/2463420350400/
- https://www.upi.com/Archives/1983/04/28/Prime-Minister-Pierre-Trudeau-welcomed-a-pledge-by-US/8455420350400/
Conclusions of the 1983 WIlliamsburg Summit (where Trudeau supported French President Mitterrand regarding Reagan's proposition to deploy a class of nuclear weapons in to get the Soviet Union to engage in negotiations):
- https://archive.macleans.ca/article/1983/6/13/how-reagan-runs-a-summit
Canada and the Reagan Administration:
- https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/002070208103600110?journalCode=ijxa
President Reagan and PM Trudeau's discussion of crucial bilateral issues & multilateral issues (i.e. peace initiative & disarmament efforts in the Cold War):
- https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/archives/speech/remarks-president-and-prime-minister-pierre-elliott-trudeau-canada-following-0
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B1MzYoTjwo0
Canada's proposal for a declaration on East-West relations & the sharp criticism by U.S. President Ronald Reagan (1984) and when asked about the discussions, he called U.S. officials 'liars' and that the Americans could do more to advance disarmament & peace:
- https://www.upi.com/Archives/1984/06/10/Canadian-Prime-Minister-Pierre-Trudeau-Sunday-angrily-denied-reports/3542455688000/
- https://www.nytimes.com/1984/06/12/world/ottawa-playing-down-trudeau-s-differences-with-reagan.html
Pierre Trudeau's Memoirs:
- Page 220 he says "Later, in my final term, I even got along quite well with Ronald Reagan, even though we were about as far apart in outlook and personality as two people could be."
- Page 301 he says "President Reagan was not a man for thoughtful policy discussions, but he was pleasant and congenial and my children found him entertaining"
- Page 329 he says "President Reagan was a great storyteller and a very sociable man. But his outlook was dominated by a deep faith in the free market system and by what I can only call an obsession with communism. His view of the world was largely anecdotal":
- https://books.google.ca/books?id=zqsJbzlwtwsC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=reagan&f=false

Brian Mulroney (1984-1993) and Ronald Reagan (1981-1989)

Official Leader of the Opposition, Brian Mulroney, met with President Ronald Reagan on June 21, 1984 prior to becoming Prime Minister in the fall of 1984 proving Reagan's eagerness to do business with Mulroney:
- https://www.upi.com/Archives/1984/06/21/Canadian-opposition-leader-Brian-Mulroney-declaring-For-a-conservative/9251456638400/
Merely days after becoming Prime Minister of Canada, Brian Mulroney visited President Ronald Reagan planning to restore good relations with the US (September 25, 1984):
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4V-XylJhRwc
PM Mulroney and President Reagan at the Shamrock Summit in 1985 (photograph & singing of "When Irish Eyes Are Smiling":
- https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Photograph_of_The_Reagans_and_Mulroneys_in_Quebec%2C_Canada_-_NARA_-_198561.jpg
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fn78kjABPQc
Photo of PM Mulroney and President Reagan as the President arrives in Quebec City for the Shamrock Summit:
- http://policyoptions.irpp.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2011/03/US-presidents-and-Canadian-prime-ministers.png
Dialogue of the Shamrock Summit in 1985 (Acid rain, trade, modernization of the Distant Early Warning (DEW) line, etc):
- https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-03-18-mn-22399-story.html
- https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1985/03/17/reagan-leaving-for-talks-with-canadas-mulroney/15e4e646-7dcf-44e8-bf6e-2aeb9fa2d8e0/
Agreement made at the Shamrock Summit on modernizing the DEW system:
- https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1985-03-19-8501150758-story.html
President Reagan's Diary Entry from March 18, 1985 where he says "I have to believe U.S.–Canadian relations have never been better and certainly not at the leader level. Brian M. & I have really established a warm personal friendship.":
- https://www.reaganfoundation.org/ronald-reagan/white-house-diaries/diary-entry-03181985/
PM Mulroney opting out of the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) despite being initially interested as it would solidify relations between the PM and President:
- https://www.csmonitor.com/1985/0806/ecsdi.html
President Reagan's Diary Entry following PM Mulroney's phone call informing him that Canada would not join in the SDI research but that his government approves their efforts:
- https://www.reaganfoundation.org/ronald-reagan/white-house-diaries/diary-entry-09071985/
President Reagan meeting Prime Minister Mulroney in Ottawa, April 6, 1987:
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HynU5cXGb2A
Ronald Reagan's Address to the Canadian Parliament April 6, 1987:
- https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/address-joint-session-parliament-ottawa-canada
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_THYKIbT-sE
- https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/archives/speech/address-joint-session-parliament-ottawa-canada
1985 publication from the International Journal on the Canada-U.S. Relationship as Mulroney took office:
- https://www.jstor.org/stable/40202318
President Reagan and PM Mulroney on the 1988 Arctic Cooperation Agreement - a longstanding policy dispute, which would now require the US to seek out consent before sending ships through the Northwest Passage:
- https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1988-01-12-8803210656-story.html
- https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1988/01/12/us-to-consult-canada-on-use-of-northwest-passage/7755dd6a-65d0-44b1-8b54-0b49a5b7af99/
Settling the Canada-US Free Trade Deal 1987 (a historic moment between Reagan and Mulroney):
- https://archive.macleans.ca/article/1987/10/12/free-trade-a-historic-midnight-deal
- https://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/04/world/us-and-canada-in-trade-accord.html
- https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/archives/speech/statement-canada-united-states-free-trade-agreement
PM Mulroney and President Reagan & the Canada-US Free Trade Agreement 1988:
- https://www.cbc.ca/history/EPISCONTENTSE1EP17CH3PA2LE.html
- https://www.jstor.org/stable/1173774
- https://www.jstor.org/stable/20080011
President Reagan signing US-Canada Free Trade Agreement on January 2, 1988 (video of President Reagan on the phone with PM Mulroney and signing the document):
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YqD49G7KJ3g
In an address to the US Congress Joint Session, PM Mulroney discusses the acid rain issue saying it does not respect borders and that "What would be said of a generation of North Americans that found a way to explore the stars, but allowed its lakes and forests to languish and die." (at 16:59) in a plea to take action on the acid rain crisis:
- https://www.c-span.org/video/?2370-1/canadian-prime-minister-address
However, Brian Mulroney and President Reagan did not always agree; they took polarizing stances on the South African Apartheid:
- https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/mulroney-failed-to-sway-reagan-on-apartheid/article18145027/
Former Prime Minister Brian Mulroney performs a Eulogy for former President Ronald Reagan:
- https://www.c-span.org/video/?c3886516/user-clip-brian-mulroneys-eulogy-ronald-reagan
February 2011 Interview with Brian Mulroney remembering his friend Ronald Reagan:
- https://nationalpost.com/full-comment/exclusive-interview-brian-mulroney-remembers-his-friend-ronald-reagan
Brian Mulroney, Ronald Reagan, and the Politics of Friendship written by Don E. Abelson (May 2022, Mulroney Papers in Public Policy and Governance No. 8):
- https://www.mulroneyinstitute.ca/sites/mulroney/files/2022-05/MPPG%20No%208%20Abelson_web.pdf

Brian Mulroney (1984-1993) and George H. W. Bush (1989-1993)

President Bush and PM Mulroney's Relationship:
President George H.W. Bush made his first trip abroad as president to Ottawa:
PM Mulroney met with President Bush at the White House on May 4, 1989 where the two leaders spoke about NATO, free trade, and the environmental issues:
- https://www.c-span.org/video/?7350-1/prime-minister-mulroney-white-house
Canada joins the Organization of American States in 1990 under PM Mulroney:
- https://www.oas.org/en/news/in-depth_article.asp?df_sCodigo=4122
After over a decade of negotiations, Canada and the U.S., under Prime Minister Brian Mulroney and President George W.H. Bush, signed the Canada-US Air Quality Agreement (to combat acid rain, among other environmental concerns) on March 13, 1991:
Former Prime Minister Mulroney Article on Acid Rain as a Canada-US Case Study:
- https://policyoptions.irpp.org/magazines/harpers-foreign-policy/acid-rain-a-case-study-in-canada-us-relations/
PM Mulroney insisting upon United Nations Security Council authorization in the First Gulf War an off-the-record meeting with President Bush stating that Canada could not support the initiative without it:
- https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/brian-mulroney-said-it-first/article749512/
- https://nationalpost.com/opinion/book-excerpt-the-unknown-mulroney-how-the-former-pm-helped-shape-the-mideast
1992 - Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, U.S. President George H.W. Bush and Mexican President Carlos Salinas de Gortari sign the North American Free Trade Agreement 1992:
- https://www.nytimes.com/1992/12/04/business/bush-salinas-and-mulroney-to-sign-trade-pact-dec-17.html
- http://policyoptions.irpp.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2018/06/8124147.jpg
The three leaders speaking on NAFTA (1992):
- https://www.c-span.org/video/?2370-1/canadian-prime-minister-address
President Bush remarks on the signing of NAFTA:
- https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PPP-1992-book2/html/PPP-1992-book2-doc-pg2200.htm
Prime Minister Mulroney officially recognizing Ukraine's independence (and being the first country in the Western world to do so) despite U.S. not supporting the decision (1991):
Prime Minister Brian Mulroney delivers a tribute (eulogy) to his friend President George H.W. Bush at his funeral in 2018:
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yGLFtH_BZDI
- https://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/politics/a25412055/brian-mulroney-george-hw-bush-funeral-eulogy-transcript/

Additional Reading

Canada-US Relations